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DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Hawaii is called the "Island of Flowers".Like Colombia, Uganda and Thailand, Hawaii is very rich in flora, with a great diversity of native and exotic species.There are many orchids and other rare plants such as hint´o hib, plumerian, ilima,silversword, and candlenut. Certainly, Hawaii has the world record for gardens.The state flower is the yellow hibiscus.The state flower is a symbol for each state in the United States.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The Pearl of the Pacific or Hawaii is one of the most beautiful places in the world. It is famous for its rich marine life and pristine white beaches.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Hawaii is the birthplace of surfing. It was a sport invented in Hawaii by kings and chieftains.Hawaiian islanders called their sport he´e nalu in the 18th century. Currently, surfing is a popular sport in countries such as South Africa, Cape Verde, Barbados, Peru, South Africa, Australia, and the United States.Unlike some sports, surfing isn´t an olympic sport yet.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
King Kamehameha I was a great man in Hawaiian history.He unified the islands in 1795.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Like Egypt (Hatshepsut and Cleopatra), Madagascar (Ranavalona I and Ranavalona III) and Ethiopia (Uizero Taitu and Judik Melenik), Hawaii had two queens. In 1823, Kaahumanu became queen of Hawaii. The second queen was Liliuokalani. She came to power in 1891.She was an ardent nationalist. However, her government was defeated in 1893.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The Hawaiian alphabet has only 12 letters: a, e, h, I, k, l, m, n , o, p , u, and w. For example: ae (yes), ala (path), aole (no), hale (house), hana (work), haole( foreigner), hele mai (come here), hoomalimali (flattery), huhu (angry), hula (dance), kai (the sea), kane (man), kapu (forbidden), kaukau (food), keiki (child), ko (sugar), mahalo(thanks), mahimahi (a delicious fish), maikai (handsome),manu (bird), mauna (mountain), moana (ocean), nani (beautiful), oe (you), and nui (large), and aloha (welcome, friendship, good-bye and love).
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The aloha skirt, a sport shirt with exotic designs, became fashionable in the world in the 1980s.The Hawaiian shirts were worn by superstars such as Richard Gere, Bob Barker, Timothy Hutton, Jack Nicholson, and Paul Newman.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Hawaii has many famous people: Yvonne Marianne Elliman (singer and actress), Tia Carrera (actress), Hiram Bingham (archaeologist), Bette Midler (singer and actress), Nicole Kidman (actress), Betty Jones (dancer), Keala O´Sullivan (sportswoman), Brooke Mahealani Lee (Miss USA and Miss Universe 1997), Don Ho ( actor), Duke Paoa Kahanamoku (sportsman), Samuel Kahanamoku (sportsman), Warren Kealoha (sportsman), Jack Johnson (singer-songwriter),Israel Kamakawiwo´ole (singer), Kristina Anapau (model and actress), Andy Bumatai (actor), and Kelly Hu (model and actress).
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
In the 18th century, Bernice Pauahi Bishop should have been princess of Hawaii, but she did not accept it.She donated a number of sums of money and time to charity works. She died in 1884. Bernice Bishop is a national heroine in Hawaii.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
The state motto is "Ua Ma ke Ea o Ka Aina I ka Pono" (the life of the island is perpetuated in righteousness).
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Like Iceland, New Zealand and Taiwan, Hawaii is one of the most industrialized islands in the world, but at the same time, it has a sense of nature and a sense of beauty.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Machu Pichu is one of the most famous ruins in the Latin America. It was discovered by a team headed by Hawaiian archaeologist Hiram Bingham in 1911.
DID YOU KNOW THAT...
Duke Paoa Kahinu Mokoe Hulikohola Kahanamoku was one of the best athletes of the United States in the 20th century. He was born on August 24, 1890, in Honolulu, Hawaii. In his swimming career, he never lost a race from 1912 to 1920. He died on January 22 , 1968, in Honolulu.Duke Kahanamoku is a member of the American Olympic Hall of fame.
In 1892, the International Longshoremen Association (ILA) started out as a legitimate labor union in the Great Lakes area, to help the dockworkers get a fair shake from their employers. The ILA expanded to the east coast, and by 1914, ILA's New York District Council was created. Almost immediately, the ILA became a mob stronghold, manipulated by the most vicious Irish mobsters of that era. The most prominent of whom was Joseph P. Ryan. But we'll get to Ryan later.
To understand how the mob manipulated the docks, and the ILA, you must grasp the manner in which dockworkers were hired daily. The method for hiring was not who was the most qualified, the strongest, or the most industrious person available. The only thing that mattered is that you paid tribute to the hiring boss, who ran the docks like the Gestapo ran Hitler's Germany.
The way it worked was like this: twice a day, all able-bodied men, who were looking for work, would line up in front of the loading dock. Then a stevedore (hiring boss) stood smugly in front of the dock, and one-by-one he selected the men who he deemed lucky enough to get a day's work. Of course, you had no chance of getting a job if you didn't give the stevedore a percentage of your day's pay. The stevedore would then kick up the cash to the head stevedore, who would in turn kick it up to the ILA bosses. With this money, the ILA bosses would then grease the palms of politicians and cops, and everyone else who needed to get paid, to keep the money rolling into the pockets of the big shots who ran the ILA. And if you were known as somebody who had given the ILA trouble in the past, you might as well have stayed home, because there was no way the stevedore would even look at your face.
Joseph P. Ryan first burst on the scene around 1917, when he organized the ILA "New York District Council," a branch of the nationwide ILA. In 1918, Ryan became president of the ILA's "Atlantic Coast District." It was during this time that the power began shifting from the Great Lakes to the Port of New York, which was closer to Europe, where many of the ships that were unloaded on the docks originated. During this time, the ILA was facing strict competition from the west coast-based Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The ILA was attempting to draw in the IWW into their organization, and in 1919 they succeeded.
In 1921, ILA President T.V. O'Conner resigned, and his place was taken by Anthony Chlopek, who turned out to be the last ILA President based in the Great Lakes. It's not clear if he was appointed by Chlopek, or elected by the membership, but Joe Ryan served as the First Vice President of the ILA for all six years of Chlopek's presidency.
In 1927, Ryan's time had finally come. Ryan was elected President of the ILA, which power base was now firmly entrenched in the Port of New York.
Ryan's journey from basically nobody to the President of the ILA had not been an easy one. Ryan was born on May, 11, 1884 in Babylon, Long Island. His parent were Irish immigrants, and Ryan suffered a severe blow at the age of nine when both of his parents died within a month of each other. Ryan was put in an orphanage, but he was eventually adopted by a woman who brought Ryan to live with her in the Chelsea section of Manhattan, a few blocks south of the lawless Hell's Kitchen area.
Ryan did menial jobs in the neighborhood, before he got a job loading and unloading on the Chelsea Piers. In 1917, Ryan purchased his union book for the sum of two dollars and fifth cents. Within a few weeks, Ryan hurt his foot while unloading a freighter, and when he was released from the hospital, and not being able to work on the docks again, Ryan was somehow appointed to the job of secretary of ILA Local 791. From that point on, there was no stopping Joe Ryan's meteoric rise.
"Boss Joe," as Ryan came to be known, was a ruthless fighter, who elevated the shape/payback system on the docks to an art form. To enforced his vice-like grip on the ILA membership, Ryan hired the worst men imaginable, some of whom has lost their jobs as bootleggers when Prohibition ended in 1933, and some of whom had just recently been released from prison, where they had been sentenced for committing the most violent of crimes. These were the perfect men for Ryan to employ, since cracking a few heads, or legs, and maybe even killing a person once in a while, was certainly not adverse to these men's nature.
Ryan's power was so absolute, he organized fund raisers (his men were compelled to contribute, or else) for the politicians who were on Ryan's pad; one of whom was Mayor Jimmy "Beau James" Walker. When Walker was forced to resign in 1932, Ryan, with tears dripping from his pen, issued a statement supporting the disgraced Walker. Ryan wrote, "The labor movement in the city of New York regrets that political expedience has deprived them of a Mayor whose every official act has been in conformity with the Americanistic (Ryan invented that word himself) policies of organized labor.
Ryan's plan was to control all dockworkers in the United States, but in fact, his power hardly extended outside the boundaries of New York. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ascended to the Presidency in 1933, he enacted his New Deal, which solidified Ryan's total control of the ILA. "The Norris-La Guardia Act," which limited the use of injunctions to prevent strikes and picketing, helped Ryan assert his muscle on the docks. And the Wagner Act of 1935 guaranteed the rights of workers to vote for their own representation. And who controlled those votes? Why Joseph P. Ryan, of course.
Ryan's biggest problem in uniting all ILA workers in America was the resistance he received from the west coast contingent, which was led by radical left-winger Harry Bridges. In 1934, Bridges organized a strike of the West Coast ILA, in rebellion over a contract Ryan had negotiated on their behalf. Ryan, incensed at the west coast insurrection, traveled extensively all over the west coast of America: to San Francisco, Portland, Tacoma, and Seattle. In each location, Ryan argued the main sticking point to the negotiations: the shape-up form of employment. Ryan and his New York pals were for it, everyone on the west coast was against it; saying it was unfair to the workers. The West Coast ILA wanted to implement a "hiring-hall" system, in which "time in the hold" and "seniority" were the main factors in men getting work. Of course the "hiring hall" system would put an end to the stevedore graft machine, and Ryan wanted no part of that.
Ryan's west coast trip was a complete failure. In each ILA location he visited, his recommendations were shot down, emphatically. The president of the Tacoma ILA local announced to the press, "No body of men can be expected to agree to their own self destruction."
Things were so bad for Ryan in San Francisco, there were physical confrontations in the streets, between the west coast strikers, the strikebreakers Ryan had brought in from the east coast, and the local police. The riots were so violent, the National Guard was called in to end the disturbances.
Chalk that up as another loss for Ryan.
When Ryan returned home to the Port of New York, he was not a happy camper. He denounced his west coast opponents as "malcontents" and "communists,"and he strove to become even more diligent in exercising his absolute power over the New York ILA. One of Ryan's most effective tools in keeping his men in line was the fact that he was able to issue union charters to whomever he saw fit. The men who received these charters were then able to form their own Union Locals. After these Locals were created, the individual local bosses would kick back a substantial part of the member's dues to the Joseph P. Ryan Retirement Fund, of which, of course, there were no written records.
One such Local that Ryan had in his back pocket was Local 824, which was run by Ryan crony Harold Bowers. Local 824 was particularly prestigious and quite profitable because it presided over the Hells Kitchen piers, where luxury liners like the Queen Mary and the Queen Elizabeth were docked. Local 824 soon became known as the "Pistol Local" because it was almost completely comprised of Irish gangsters who had long criminal records. Local 824's boss Bowers, an ex-con, had a criminal record as long as a giraffe's neck. Bowers had been arrested for numerous crimes, including robbery, possession of a gun, grand larceny (twice), and congregating with known criminals. Bowers was also suspected in dozens of waterfront murders, but no murder charge could ever be pinned on him.
Harold's cousin Mickey, as murderous a bloke as Harold, was also instrumental in running Local 824. Mickey was a suspect in the murder of Tommy Gleason, an insurgent in Local 824, who tried to wrest control of Local 824 from the Bowers family. Gleason was filled with lead while he was visiting a deceased pal in a Tenth Avenue funeral parlor. Mickey Bowers was suspected of Gleason's murder, and he was brought in for questioning. However, with no concrete evidence, Mickey Bowers was released. There is no record of the Gleason murder having been solved, and it is not clear if Gleason was laid out in the same funeral parlor in which he had been shot.
In 1951, Ryan began losing control of the ILA, when his men did something they had never done before: they spat in the face of Ryan and his tyrannical leadership by going on strike. With over thirty thousand men involved (without pay of course), the strike lasted twenty five days. Due to the strike, 118 piers were shut down, and millions of dollars were lost by hundreds of companies, who needed their goods unloaded on the docks.
The leader of this strike was not a longshoreman, but a priest named Father John Corridan. The son of a County Kerry-born policeman, Corridan was born in Manhattan's Harlem. In 1928, Corridan graduated from Manhattan's prestigious Regis High School. After completion of his seminary requirements and assignments in other parishes, in 1946, Corridan was assigned to the Xavier Institute of Industrial Relations, on West 16th Street. There Father Corridan met many longshoremen who told him of the woes they suffered at the hands of men like Ryan and the Bowers cousins.
Being a street kid himself, the chain-smoking, fast-talking priest decided to do something about the abominations that were transpiring on the waterfront. Corridan teamed up with New York Sun writer Malcolm Johnson to write a series of articles entitled "Crime on the Waterfront." These articles spurred writer Bud Schulberg to write the screenplay for the Academy Award winning movie "On the Waterfront, which starred Marlon Brandon and Lee J. Cobb. Actor Karl Malden played the part of Father Corridan, whose name in the movie, for some reason, was changed to Father Barry.
Soon after the New York Sun articles were published, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey announced that the state's crime commission would open an investigation into criminal activities in the Port of New York. This investigation was called "The Waterfront Hearings." During these hearings hundreds of men who worked on the waterfront were called in to testify (some were honest workers - others were ruthless "Dock Wallopers"). The workers mostly gave honest testimony, while the "Dock Wallopers," mainly invoked their Fifth Amendment Rights not to incriminate themselves.
One of the men who was called in to testify at the Waterfront Hearings was a shady figure named William "Big Bill" McCormack. McCormack owned several businesses, including the U.S. Trucking Company, which worked extensively unloading on the Port of New York docks. McCormack was very close to Ryan, and it was alleged that Ryan and McCormack were, in fact, partners in several of McCormack's businesses.
In 1950, as a result of pressure from the New York newspapers, Mayor Bill O'Dwyer, who was in the pocket of Ryan and other known gangsters, reluctantly called for a city investigation of the waterfront. The investigation became a sham, when Mayor O'Dwyer, at the urging of Joe Ryan, appointed McCormack as the chairman of a "blue-ribbon panel" to "investigate" waterfront activities. After month of a dubious investigations, funded by New York City taxpayer dollars, McCormack's "blue-ribbon panel" concluded, "We have found that the labor situation on the waterfront of the Port of New York is generally satisfactory from the standpoint of the worker, the employer, the industry, and the government."
That was obviously the "Big Lie."
When McCormack was brought before the Waterfront Hearings, he was questioned about the previous testimony of the supervisor of employment for the division of parole. This supervisor had testified that although he had never met "Big Bill" McCormack, he had met with McCormack's brother Harry many times. The purpose of these meetings was that on numerous occasions men, who were being released from prison on parole, would have the prison officials put in writing a note that said, "Mr. H.F. McCormack will make immediate arrangements for this inmate's union membership upon his release."
It was estimated that over 200 parolees were given "jobs" with McCormack's Penn Stevedoring Company. Some of these jobs may have been legitimate dock work, but most ex-con's employed by McCormack's Penn Stevedoring Company were nothing more than thugs and leg breakers, and sometimes murderers for the union.
When "Big Bill" McCormack was asked at the Waterfront Hearings why he had employed so many men with dubious backgrounds, McCormack said, "It's because I take a human view of employee problems. I'm human, and they're human."
Two of the "human" men employed by the McCormack Penn Stevedoring Company, after they were released from jail, were John "Cockeye" Dunn, and Andrew "Squint" Sheridan. Both men where eventually fried in the electric chair, after they were convicted of the murder of hiring stevedore Andy Hintz, while both killers were working for McCormack.
After McCormack's testimony before the Waterfront Commission, the New York Herald Tribune wrote, "Mr. McCormack's activities on behalf of the longshoreman's union suggest that he has been pulling the strings for Joseph P. Ryan for many years, and may, in fact, be a more powerful figure on the waterfront than the Boss (Ryan) himself."
Joseph P. Ryan was the 209th and final witness before the crime commission's Waterfront Hearings. After one day of brutal cross examination, it was clear Ryan's days were over as Joe "The Boss" of the Port of New York. Under grueling testimony, Ryan was forced to admit that he appointed many convicted felons like Harold Bowers to prominent positions in the ILA. Ryan claimed no knowledge of the fact that 30% of the union officials he personally appointed had criminal records. Ryan also testified he had no idea that more than 45 IRA Locals in the Port of New York kept no financial records, and that his hand-picked bosses had frequently given themselves raises, without these raises being ratified by the voting members of the Locals.
However, the final nail in Ryan's coffin was inserted when it came to light that Ryan had misused more than ,000 from the ILA's Anti-Communist Fund for his own personal use. Instead of scouring the docks looking for communist activities, Ryan used this money for grand dinners for himself and his cronies at places like the Stork Club, repairs to his Cadillac, and to purchase the expensive clothes that Ryan wore. Ryan also had the gall to use Anti-Communist Funds to go on a cruise to Guatemala.
Still, Ryan would not give up his control of the New York Waterfront without a fight. In 1953, the American Federation of Labor decided to expel the ILA from it's membership. AF of L President George Meany said, "We've given up all hope that the officers or members of that union will reform it. We've given up hope that the ILA will ever live up to the rules, standards, and ethics of a decent trade union."
After hearing what Meany had to say, Ryan gritted his teeth and growled, "Then we'll hold on to what we have."
However, Ryan's hubris lasted only for a short time. In order for Meany to allow the ILA to remain part of the American Federation of Labor, Meany insisted that Ryan step down from the post that Ryan had held for 26 years. Ryan had no choice but to comply.
Ryan's travails were not over with yet. In 1954, after being convicted of violations of The Labor Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartly Act), Ryan was sentenced to 6 months in prison and a 00 fine. Ryan appealed his conviction.
However, on July 1, 1955, the United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit denied Ryan's appeal, saying, "Defendant-Appellant, Joseph P. Ryan, President of the International Longshoremen's Association (hereafter called ILA) was indicted, on three counts, in that, on three separate occasions, he unlawfully, willfully and knowingly received sums in the aggregate of ,500, from corporations employing members of the ILA. The judge, holding defendant guilty on all counts, sentenced him to imprisonment for six months on each count (the sentences to run concurrently) and fined him ,500. As my view is not to prevail, I shall not discuss the other objections that the accused raises, except to say that I have considered them, and that they have not convinced me that any error was committed that would justify a reversal. I would affirm the conviction."
Ryan did his six months in the can. Then he disappeared, never to be heard from on the waterfront again.
In America, poets are held in such low esteem that even the most Honored Representative from Nigeria won't bother scamming us. Society says to us what Dermot Mulroney says to Julia Roberts in "My Best Friend's Wedding," that we are "The pus that infects the mucus that cruds up the fungus that feeds on the pond scum."
Even being cheated by Mr. Honorable Minister, however, is preferable to the poetry scams that have proliferated. Wind Publications' Literary Scam guide has this to say:
Hidden among the many sponsors of legitimate literary contests advertised on the internet lurk those who care little about literature, its audience, or authors. These organizations and individuals exist solely for profit through their so-called writing or poetry contests. Often you'll find these "free" poetry contests lavishly advertised in your local newspaper.
There is a cottage industry of writing scams perpetuated by pus poetry pimps, the chief among them International Library of Poetry, aka Noble House Press, aka Poetry.com. They advertise in USA Weekend and the Penny Saver--well, not the Penny Saver, but they might as well, because that sums up their opinion of poets. If you've seen the ads or received a letter that says, "Congratulations, your poem has been selected for our next anthology," congratulations, you're being scammed.
Like so-called modeling agencies or "talent agents" who prey on the dreams of nubile girls wanting to be the next Lindsay Lohan, poetry pyramid schemes exploit the number one hope of writers: publication, and more importantly, recognition. Many excellent Web sites such as Preditors and Editors and PoetryNotCom detail the outrageous mechanics of poetry "anthology" scams, and the infamous Wergle Flomp Poetry Contest by WinningWriters.com cheerfully skewers vanity poetry contests and the submicroorganisms who perpetuate them.
How do you spot a poetry scam? Look for...
1. Insane pie in the sky prize amounts.
I ran the DeAnn Lubell Professional Writers' Competition. Most poetry contests with reading fees pay, at most, ,000, and that's for a book-length manuscript of poetry. For a single poem, the first prize pot is usually a whopping 0, 0 tops. A million prize, as dangled by Noble House, is a big crimson flag. Oh, and no one ever offers poets a chance to win a world cruise. It's usually assumed that we sail around the world on a Mark Twain raft, a sampan, or a Hemingway skiff.
2. No contest fees.
Wergle Flomp is the only "F*r*e*e" poetry contest. Now, people on the Internet and toiling poets naturally leap at the word "F*r*e*e". But, like victims of those modeling scams, you'll end up paying for your moment of bargain hunting. Modeling scams want you to work with a particular photographer (usually fake European). Likewise, poetry scams won't let you even see your poem in print unless you pay for the anthology. When you do pay for the anthology, you may wonder if you just bought a copy of the Penny Saver, because your poem looks like it was crammed onto the page to make room for the "Spot the Difference" puzzle and the adult talk lines. Then there are those awards banquets...
3. Phony awards banquets.
Ten years ago, no joke, I received a mailing from Famous Poets Society that lured me to fork over the cash to attend an awards banquet and convention. If I paid my money, I could join the elite company of poets such as...Ted Lange of "Love Boat" fame. Who knew Isaac the bartender was a closet Langston Hughes? Plus, I could win ,000 in door prizes. Now, if you've ever attended a poetry reading, especially in coffeehouses, you know that poets wear their vow of poverty as proudly as a Che Guevara T-shirt. Just the thought of winning in a poetry slam made my fellow poets and me weep more cathartically than the contestants on "Deal or No Deal." And Ted Lange usually doesn't attend.
4. Questionable reputation or none at all.
In poetry, if you don't have Nikki Giovanni, Czeslaw Milosz or Donald Hall front and center in your magazine, plus several angsty Eastern European poets, would-be poets drop you like Oprah dropped James Frey. Look for magazines, publishers and poetry contests that publish and are judged by literary lions. It's Bukowski or bust. And when Poetry.com can't figure out that Dave Barry and 20/20 are hoaxing them, the joke's on Poetry.com. Similarly, if a vanity press charges you ,000 to ,000 to publish your collection of poems, and the top author promoted by Façade Press is an eighteen-year-old writing poems from the point of view of her liver, save your money for the hard work of actually submitting your poems to Threepenny Review, or literary magazines or publishers that you read about in Writer's Market or Poets and Writers.
5. Advertising in newspapers and glossy magazines.
Real poetry contests don't advertise in USA Weekend--sure, USA Weekend may sponsor a teen essay contest, but poetry advertisers? Forget it. People don't pick up USA Weekend as a literary publication, even though USA Weekend features books and authors. If you see a mass call for poets in a mass market magazine, give it a miss. Real poetry contests get deluged with submissions as it is. They don't need to fish for more.
6. Sending you a letter of acceptance for a contest you can't remember entering or a publisher you can't remember submitting to.
I admit, as a writer I have difficulty keeping track of what I sent to whom and when--we go into writing to avoid paperwork, not do it, although when we're not in the mood, reorganizing files suddenly becomes as tempting as a day in Cancun. Fortunately, Writer's Market features a Submission Tracker, and some enterprising bloggers actually post their submission schedule to make the rest of us sigh in unorganized envy. If you can't find the cover letter/e-query in your file cabinet, on your computer, on your Zip drive (you do back up, right?), or in your Sent folder, chances are you never submitted to National Library of Poetry or Wordscum.com (apologies if there actually is a Web site out there called Wordscum.com). Yes, after 300 rejections, getting an acceptance letter may be a boost, but to misquote Groucho Marx, think twice before you accept just any club that will have you as a member. Aim higher. Imagine if JK Rowling had just said, "All right, I'll pay a million pounds to have a few hundred copies of Harry Potter for my friends and relatives to buy."
7. Promising to get your book or handsome anthology on the bestseller rack in bookstores.
Number one, PoetryNotCom is one of the many sites reporting that this claim is bogus. Number two, most people who go into a bookstore to read poetry probably can find the poetry section blindfolded and spend three hours debating the symbolism in Whitman over a decaf skinny latte at Borders Café. Number two, although getting your book in bookstores is still the gold standard, Amazon.com and online retailing make it easy for even the tiniest press to get books noticed. Number three, bookstores are so glutted with inventory that they can't even stock the POD books, let alone anything from ScamPoet Publishing or Poetry.com, and bookstores will not accept vanity press books. For that matter, no poet besides Ludacris or Jimmy Carter will end up on the bestseller list in a bookstore. We don't go into poetry to be rich. We go into poetry to sound our barbaric yawp...and a fellowship or two is nice, too.
Many beginning poets get bilked, but you don't have to. If you're smart and ambitious, you'll be a successful poet with tons of lierary magazines and e-zines bearing your byline. Poetry.com and its ilk will always be "The pus that infects the mucus that cruds up the fungus that feeds on the pond scum."
The words equality and inequality have been been thrown about so often that they bring a knee jerk sickening reaction. People just don't want to hear about it even if they recognize the various abuses and corporate influence over government policy. Anything that is endlessly regurgitated for decades, passionately opinionated, and presented by inappropriate messengers can become ridiculously dull and inspire an instinctive shrug. This includes pushy religious moralizing babble by rich adulterous preachers, factional agenda by poorly educated silly demagogues like Al Sharpton, or appeals to income equality by college educated white children of the bourgeois. Whenever their mouths open we want them shut immediately since we understand the background of hypocricies, corruption, temporary fad following behavior, lack of education, superstition, and blatant factional interest. Decades of the passionate babble and counter-babble has trained us to ignore it as an irritating noise akin to one found on crowded subway platforms.
It doesn't help that Americans have to live in a hyper ideological great power that no longer has an ideological great power competitor. Cold war competition at least allowed for an extreme opposite point of view to be presented to the world and brought attention to blatantly obvious problems like race relations. However, the world wasn't faced with a "fair and balanced presentation". Non-superpowers had to endure decades of a situation similar to a modern news talk show with two guests talking over each other (or Jerry Springer). The talking head equivalents, from Moscow and Washington DC, poured at each other endless streams of factual data mixed with propaganda. Factual positive domestic developments and enemy's factual shortcomings were of course exaggerated. Besides exaggeration, everything was viewed through an increasingly sharpened and distorting ideological lens. On top of all these lies, the intelligence agencies of both countries waged endless information/propaganda warfare directed at the whole globe. After decades of this full orchestra brainwashing, one society finally collapsed and started dealing with reality. After hitting rock bottom, Russians finally started to at least try to be objective when it comes to actual statistics, numbers, scientific findings, and facts on the ground. Basing national policy on faith based notions of the Soviet dream and way of life proved to be destructive. The Russian society however readily accepted American capitalism (to a higher degree than Germans or Japanese) since it was easy to replace one rigidly ideological construct for another. We'll see American gangster finance live in Eastern Europe long after it declines here.
United States did not undergo a similar transformation since they didn't have to. The tired Soviet talking head that Americans were shouting at, finally went blue in the face and had a heart attack. This was taken as complete affirmation of years of American propaganda as at least effective if not totally factual. Major players in the world (India, Japan, Brazil, Turkey, Poland) stood up and cheered like satisfied Jerry Springer guests while getting pats on the back for good participation. They stepped further from central command economic structures and dismissed concerns formerly brought by socialist theorists.
Obviously it's impossible to disentangle ideology from empirical evidence. Even objectivity and scientific agreements are just forms of consensual intersubjectivity. However, it's always possible to at least try to approach a situation like a disinterested anthropologist. It is certainly possible for a rich white British person to study poverty in India and describe it with relative accuracy without being an emotional "bleeding heart" or being accused of being in the pocket of the poor Indian lobby group. An educated American can study the income inequality in Brazil or Mexico and describe the political situation without being accused of siding with a particular ideological faction in either of those countries. It is very possible to be relatively disinterested when describing observable reality for the purposes of history, empirical prediction, and research to be used by individual who craft policy. Americans definitely study and report on other societies like this all the time and even make predictions.
But what happens when say, academics in France or China observe the American domestic situation and conclude that the situation is negative and unhealthy? That's right, they are immediately considered either darned socialists, know-nothing bleeding hearts, and/or ideologues with their own anti-American agenda. Even domestic Americans who give descriptions of unpleasant realities are scorned and rejected even if they are Ivy League respectable authorities on the subject (and in many case scorned because of that). This is analogous to a person with a drinking problem accusing everybody who mentions it that they have an agenda, that they need a drink as well, that they don't know anything since they don't live in the person's house, or that they want the alcoholic to fail.
How did it come to this? Well, Americans suffer from the same problem Soviets did in the 1970s when it comes to living within a rigidly ideological social bubble. Americans got so used to their own authorities blatantly using faith based ideological slogans, distorting facts, and being ridiculously one sided, that they started thinking all world's authorities do the same. The way a thief thinks everybody else steals, rigid ideologues are incapable of looking at opposing points of view without thinking it's not ideology as well. This is best seen in the fundamentalist religious communities. The clergy had told the faithful that their lifestyle is moral for so long, that whenever the flock encounters people who live/think differently, it considers the different lifestyles as immoral and backed by a sinister agenda.
It is time to start differentiating between the blatant agenda pushing factional messengers (ex. Jesse Jackson and Dick Cheney) and milder subconscious agenda of people trying to be reporters and scientists. To this day, there are 20% of Russians who vote for the communist party and march in the streets and talk of how good it was during the slow rot in the 1980s. Similar ideological inertia will happen with the American elderly in the future after the current system transforms itself to survive in the modern world. One might laugh at the notion of American propaganda (of the capitalist American dream) being as extensively imposed as in the authoritarian Soviet Union. However, before the American version of glasnost became available with the internet, serious opposing points of view were heard even less by the general public. One never really heard national television news stations and radio shows seriously discuss Scandinavian style welfare, using more money on building real industry and jobs instead of more aircraft carriers to outspend Moscow, or creating a better quality of life than the Germans.
We must remember that serious discussion (on improving American quality of life, on solidifying socioeconomic standing of an average American, or creating Japanese level industrial workforce), did not materialize even after Soviet Union collapsed. Instead the only discussion that briefly bubbled up concerned the next plan of action for the American military.
It took a few paragraphs to prepare the reader for discussion about economic inequality in the United States. Why is the discussion of inequality even necessary? It's obvious that inequality among men exists naturally in any system. Western style hybrid capitalism as we know it is here to stay for years into the future in one form or another. Inequality found in United States however, stopped being sustainable a while back and is now the key cause of United States declining into the 21st century relative to rising powers of China and EU. The decline at this point, is unstoppable and the only discussion is whether it will be a slow gradual one (similar to Spain in 19th century), or a rapid one with potential social instability.
Yes, there were also the crushing economic burdens of being an expansionary ideological power and the transfer of heavy industry to competitors like China. These burdens pale compared to the root problem of monstrous inequality that allowed most of the deeper structural problems and superficial symptoms to occur. We've heard people throw around rugged unresearched statements concerning how the top 1% owns half of the wealth and the like. Simultaneously, we've also heard the counter statements that the richest pay the biggest share of taxes. When such statements are thrown about, the discussion becomes another yapping Jerry Springer episode to tune out of.
There is actual historical data constantly being collected, shown, and ignored by highly skilled people. Lets look at some.
In April of last year, one of the oldest and most read propaganda mouthpieces, The Wall Street Journal, decided it was a good idea to throw a few bones to its readers. The readers of course are the people who consider themselves financially independent "middle class" and not just the equivalents of delivery boys for the politically connected oligarchs. The readers are likely to include newer assimilated ethnic groups like Irish and Italians trying to catch up and overworking to get their 60-150 grand a year. The oligarchs themselves would never turn to WSJ for their news and opinions. Summer of 2007 to summer of 2008 saw historic rises in gas prices and we saw people like Lou Dobbs throw daily fits concerning the illegal immigration. Occasional articles began to appear in nationally circulated media to cater to rising concern about "middle class" problems. Some of these articles increasingly began to include deep probing studies about structural and social infirmities of American civilization.
The source of the example article above comes from a very interesting Berkley study by Emmanuel Saez, a John Bates Clark Medal award winner in 2009 (Milton Friedman and Paul Krugman amongst the past winners), and possible influence on Obama's taxation thinking. The data in excel format is here: (elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2006.xls ). We see a ridiculous graph that shows a few things not readily noticed due to the study's percentile breakdown of the top 10% of earners. The data shows annual wealth generation both including and excluding capital gains like stocks.
First, lets analyze the top 1% of the earners without looking at additional wealth they get through capital investments. The reported real income (adjusted for inflation) of richest 0.01% of the working population (14,000 oligarch households making an average of .5 million a year with at least .5 million annual income to be part of the group), grew 22% from 2000 to 2006. Average real incomes of the richest 0.1% of households (133,000 oligarch households making an average of million annually and needing to make from .4 million up to .5 million annually to be part of the group), grew 8.5%. To be included in the richest 1%, a household had to just pass the measly threshold of 6,000 dollars a year. There were 1,333,249 households that made up most of the top 1%, were above 99% of American workers, but paled compared to 0.1% of the population. Many were the professional elites and not necessarily financial wizards and money changers.
This means that 10% of 10% of 1% of the richest households (1 out of every 10,000 households), were able to almost triple their annual earnings compared to 1,500,000 households who are also in the richest 1%. This is with capital gains EXCLUDED from earnings estimates. It is very telling that the elite professional and managerial class numbering over a million (represented by nationalist democratic capitalist faction) was not able to politically outspend less than 150,000 oligarch households in the last few elections. The attractiveness of financial capitalism allowed many nationalist democratic petty millionaires to be co-opted.
We can see how capital gains begin to matter exponentially once you start getting into 5% of the population. Capital gains only added 95 billion dollars in wealth for 90% of the population (split between over 130 million households) but they added 678 billion dollars to richest 10%. Incomes of the non-professional elite oligarch class, of those 0.1%+ jumped 60%. Capital gains only increased income of bottom 90% by just 2.3%. Republican leadership effectively convinced a large portion of 50-100 grand a year white collar demographic that they're working in their interest and that capital gains will actually unburden them financially. It was remarkable that the same tactic always used on poorly educated religious blue collar demographic also worked on petty white collar. Even the petty millionaires, tied to expensive property bubble speculation, got politically seduced sufficiently to throw their financial support to the internationalist super rich.
In 2003, something historic happened. For the first time since 1928, the top 1% of the population surpassed bottom 99% when it comes to rate of wealth generation. Rate of wealth generation is a good indicator of the overall political power of a faction when it comes to dividing the limited resources of a nation.
Recently, government of Brazil has declared major success in reduction of poverty by citing that the top 10% went from owning 49.47% of annual national income in March 2002 to owning 46.31% in October 2008. Obviously we don't know to what degree the stock crash and capital gains reduction in fall of 2008 played into that. The fact of the matter is that Brazilian leadership, presiding over one of the most economically unequal societies on the planet, cited rise in share of bottom 10% and decline in share of top 90% as a measure of progress. In United States however, the richest 10% began to earn 49.3% of national annual income in 2006. The GINI index of inequality shows that US has been becoming more like Brazil for the last 30 years. US gap between the poorest and richest started off roughly in same category as other Western nations (even Norway) in the 1960s, and is now surpassing some South American nations in width.
CONCLUSION:
Political scientists consider extreme levels of socioeconomic inequality to be socially destabilizing in terms of factional infighting, violence, and authoritarian control of government organs by the elites for self enrichment. United States seems to have escaped social instability due to its great power status and most of its population living in an ideological bubble (and most people never traveling outside of the country). Only in relatively recent times, did the top 30% of the population begin to get exposed to other hybrid systems through increased international travel.
The peak of American civilization seems to have occurred in 1968-1973 period. Data points to 1973 as being the furthest extent of American industrial capitalism and real physical influence for most of its population. This strength even existed after being partially drained through resources devoted to colonial occupation.
The richest 1% expanded their share of wealth far less than the bottom 99%. The rise in prices briefly corresponded to real incomes. American workers were able to save and better their condition without constantly being a few steps behind either inflation or oligarchal factions. The country had historically high degree of economic equality, the burden of natural resource imports was only in its infant stages, and American workers were at the peak of their political and purchasing power. This allowed them sufficient leverage to effectively compete with oligarch factions for influence over the federal government. Federal government was prompted to engage in a number of nationalist measures that benefited all instead of some.
The health of the American society caused a multitude of reversals for socialist causes in the imperial periphery of Western Europe. Reactionary forces in Europe were able to stabilize their societies since American workers demonstrated that American way of life is more effective than the socialist one. Many European states elaborated on JFK/Lyndon Johnson's great society promises to solidify state capitalism.
In United States itself, the oligarchs took a number of years to reorganize and stage a comeback. The last nationalist president, who really tried to preserve American way of life and appeal to all Americans instead of some, was Jimmy Carter. He tried to improve efficiency of American capitalism through deregulation, improvement of workers' rights, new energy policy, and actually leading imperial periphery through ideological example. He had the misfortune of being in control of the nation right after its civilizational peak. Oligarchs effectively destroyed Carter's reputation and created a reactionary wave that relied on formerly apolitical religious rural population. Wedge issues, militarism, racial tensions, and rural resentment against the cities were exploited to put an appealing puppet (a former actor) in power. It took a few years to dismantle previous nationalist policies of Johnson and Carter. Once dismantled, the oligarchs began rapid expansion of their income in late 1980s that just accelerated to the present day. In the first half of the 20th century, many oligarchs were rooted to the American soil since travel on propeller aircraft was dangerous and ships/trains took a long time. That led to many early oligarchs to have nationalist tendencies, improve value of nearby land, and to focus on real industry. With increased globalization, the oligarchs of 1980s now looked at the whole world as their playground and their cosmopolitan sentiments had little allegiance to United States. Physical decline of US and the debt were irreversible and mass looting began in the form of moving factories and personal material wealth abroad to other growing societies.
The fall of Soviet Union accelerated the process and allowed the looting to go on longer. American dollar could now be pushed onto hundreds of millions of new people and the national debt could be expanded. The Bush administration was the most blatant show of force by the top 1% and this period saw the peak of illusionary oligarchal finance capitalism. In 2008, millions of elite professionals and petty millionaires were finally able to outspend and wrestle away control from oligarchs. They were not making as much money from property speculation and energy prices made their businesses less profitable and lifestyles more expensive. Even then, the poorest of top 5% were only able to take power due to successful mobilization of college educated and blacks in sufficient numbers, financial capitalism declining for a few years, and occupational reversals in the Middle East. The resilience of the oligarchal faction is demonstrated by the fact their candidate only lost by less than 10% during the biggest economic crash since 1929.
Regardless of change in leadership, the petty millionaires now in charge, will only advance their own interests. Interests of the bottom 90% will only be satisfied if they are congruent with the nationalist industrial interests of democratic power elites. Socioeconomic inequality created over the last 30 years has become self perpetuating and can only be reduced through decades of top down effort combined with growing industrial economy producing tangible exports. Efforts in that direction are unlikely until United States hits economic rock bottom with corresponding social destabilization. Today the top 1% live in a country within a country.
The fragmented elite America (that John Edwards liked to talk about until the character assassination) is more advanced and freer than any country in Western Europe and with access to better medicine/education, cheaper land/energy, and more political control over their governance. US is structurally a more advanced South American society. The average citizen thinks there is progress due to modern expensive cars, clothing, and housing mingling with the rest. The old Anglo ruling ethnic group has learned during the gilded age to not make the extent of their material wealth obvious. In that, they followed their South American counterparts.
The newer assimilated ethnic groups of Irish/Italians/Slavs/Jews are more blunt with demonstrations of their material possessions. The consumeristic efforts of newer whites to fit in and catch up have infected all Americans. The poorest least educated people are encouraged to spend a month's paycheck on a new gadget or brand name clothing. This is no different than a Soviet worker spending 2 months worth of salary to buy blue Western jeans from a black market in the 1980s. The only difference between Soviet Union's black market and gigantic electronics stores in today's America, is that the latter is legal. However, the electronics and clothing stores are similarly dominated by goods made in foreign factories and operated by oligarchs exploiting cracks in ability of American industrial capitalism to provide for people's needs. This system is even less sustainable than the Russian one since it combines the Soviet infrastructural stagnation of 1980s with Yeltsin's gangster capitalism and economic inequalities of 1990s. Only rapid industrial/technological breakthroughs can make national decline safe and gradual.
The words equality and inequality have been been thrown about so often that they bring a knee jerk sickening reaction. People just don't want to hear about it even if they recognize the various abuses and corporate influence over government policy. Anything that is endlessly regurgitated for decades, passionately opinionated, and presented by inappropriate messengers can become ridiculously dull and inspire an instinctive shrug. This includes pushy religious moralizing babble by rich adulterous preachers, factional agenda by poorly educated silly demagogues like Al Sharpton, or appeals to income equality by college educated white children of the bourgeois. Whenever their mouths open we want them shut immediately since we understand the background of hypocricies, corruption, temporary fad following behavior, lack of education, superstition, and blatant factional interest. Decades of the passionate babble and counter-babble has trained us to ignore it as an irritating noise akin to one found on crowded subway platforms.
It doesn't help that Americans have to live in a hyper ideological great power that no longer has an ideological great power competitor. Cold war competition at least allowed for an extreme opposite point of view to be presented to the world and brought attention to blatantly obvious problems like race relations. However, the world wasn't faced with a "fair and balanced presentation". Non-superpowers had to endure decades of a situation similar to a modern news talk show with two guests talking over each other (or Jerry Springer). The talking head equivalents, from Moscow and Washington DC, poured at each other endless streams of factual data mixed with propaganda. Factual positive domestic developments and enemy's factual shortcomings were of course exaggerated. Besides exaggeration, everything was viewed through an increasingly sharpened and distorting ideological lens. On top of all these lies, the intelligence agencies of both countries waged endless information/propaganda warfare directed at the whole globe. After decades of this full orchestra brainwashing, one society finally collapsed and started dealing with reality. After hitting rock bottom, Russians finally started to at least try to be objective when it comes to actual statistics, numbers, scientific findings, and facts on the ground. Basing national policy on faith based notions of the Soviet dream and way of life proved to be destructive. The Russian society however readily accepted American capitalism (to a higher degree than Germans or Japanese) since it was easy to replace one rigidly ideological construct for another. We'll see American gangster finance live in Eastern Europe long after it declines here.
United States did not undergo a similar transformation since they didn't have to. The tired Soviet talking head that Americans were shouting at, finally went blue in the face and had a heart attack. This was taken as complete affirmation of years of American propaganda as at least effective if not totally factual. Major players in the world (India, Japan, Brazil, Turkey, Poland) stood up and cheered like satisfied Jerry Springer guests while getting pats on the back for good participation. They stepped further from central command economic structures and dismissed concerns formerly brought by socialist theorists.
Obviously it's impossible to disentangle ideology from empirical evidence. Even objectivity and scientific agreements are just forms of consensual intersubjectivity. However, it's always possible to at least try to approach a situation like a disinterested anthropologist. It is certainly possible for a rich white British person to study poverty in India and describe it with relative accuracy without being an emotional "bleeding heart" or being accused of being in the pocket of the poor Indian lobby group. An educated American can study the income inequality in Brazil or Mexico and describe the political situation without being accused of siding with a particular ideological faction in either of those countries. It is very possible to be relatively disinterested when describing observable reality for the purposes of history, empirical prediction, and research to be used by individual who craft policy. Americans definitely study and report on other societies like this all the time and even make predictions.
But what happens when say, academics in France or China observe the American domestic situation and conclude that the situation is negative and unhealthy? That's right, they are immediately considered either darned socialists, know-nothing bleeding hearts, and/or ideologues with their own anti-American agenda. Even domestic Americans who give descriptions of unpleasant realities are scorned and rejected even if they are Ivy League respectable authorities on the subject (and in many case scorned because of that). This is analogous to a person with a drinking problem accusing everybody who mentions it that they have an agenda, that they need a drink as well, that they don't know anything since they don't live in the person's house, or that they want the alcoholic to fail.
How did it come to this? Well, Americans suffer from the same problem Soviets did in the 1970s when it comes to living within a rigidly ideological social bubble. Americans got so used to their own authorities blatantly using faith based ideological slogans, distorting facts, and being ridiculously one sided, that they started thinking all world's authorities do the same. The way a thief thinks everybody else steals, rigid ideologues are incapable of looking at opposing points of view without thinking it's not ideology as well. This is best seen in the fundamentalist religious communities. The clergy had told the faithful that their lifestyle is moral for so long, that whenever the flock encounters people who live/think differently, it considers the different lifestyles as immoral and backed by a sinister agenda.
It is time to start differentiating between the blatant agenda pushing factional messengers (ex. Jesse Jackson and Dick Cheney) and milder subconscious agenda of people trying to be reporters and scientists. To this day, there are 20% of Russians who vote for the communist party and march in the streets and talk of how good it was during the slow rot in the 1980s. Similar ideological inertia will happen with the American elderly in the future after the current system transforms itself to survive in the modern world. One might laugh at the notion of American propaganda (of the capitalist American dream) being as extensively imposed as in the authoritarian Soviet Union. However, before the American version of glasnost became available with the internet, serious opposing points of view were heard even less by the general public. One never really heard national television news stations and radio shows seriously discuss Scandinavian style welfare, using more money on building real industry and jobs instead of more aircraft carriers to outspend Moscow, or creating a better quality of life than the Germans.
We must remember that serious discussion (on improving American quality of life, on solidifying socioeconomic standing of an average American, or creating Japanese level industrial workforce), did not materialize even after Soviet Union collapsed. Instead the only discussion that briefly bubbled up concerned the next plan of action for the American military.
It took a few paragraphs to prepare the reader for discussion about economic inequality in the United States. Why is the discussion of inequality even necessary? It's obvious that inequality among men exists naturally in any system. Western style hybrid capitalism as we know it is here to stay for years into the future in one form or another. Inequality found in United States however, stopped being sustainable a while back and is now the key cause of United States declining into the 21st century relative to rising powers of China and EU. The decline at this point, is unstoppable and the only discussion is whether it will be a slow gradual one (similar to Spain in 19th century), or a rapid one with potential social instability.
Yes, there were also the crushing economic burdens of being an expansionary ideological power and the transfer of heavy industry to competitors like China. These burdens pale compared to the root problem of monstrous inequality that allowed most of the deeper structural problems and superficial symptoms to occur. We've heard people throw around rugged unresearched statements concerning how the top 1% owns half of the wealth and the like. Simultaneously, we've also heard the counter statements that the richest pay the biggest share of taxes. When such statements are thrown about, the discussion becomes another yapping Jerry Springer episode to tune out of.
There is actual historical data constantly being collected, shown, and ignored by highly skilled people. Lets look at some.
In April of last year, one of the oldest and most read propaganda mouthpieces, The Wall Street Journal, decided it was a good idea to throw a few bones to its readers. The readers of course are the people who consider themselves financially independent "middle class" and not just the equivalents of delivery boys for the politically connected oligarchs. The readers are likely to include newer assimilated ethnic groups like Irish and Italians trying to catch up and overworking to get their 60-150 grand a year. The oligarchs themselves would never turn to WSJ for their news and opinions. Summer of 2007 to summer of 2008 saw historic rises in gas prices and we saw people like Lou Dobbs throw daily fits concerning the illegal immigration. Occasional articles began to appear in nationally circulated media to cater to rising concern about "middle class" problems. Some of these articles increasingly began to include deep probing studies about structural and social infirmities of American civilization.
The source of the example article above comes from a very interesting Berkley study by Emmanuel Saez, a John Bates Clark Medal award winner in 2009 (Milton Friedman and Paul Krugman amongst the past winners), and possible influence on Obama's taxation thinking. The data in excel format is here: (elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2006.xls ). We see a ridiculous graph that shows a few things not readily noticed due to the study's percentile breakdown of the top 10% of earners. The data shows annual wealth generation both including and excluding capital gains like stocks.
First, lets analyze the top 1% of the earners without looking at additional wealth they get through capital investments. The reported real income (adjusted for inflation) of richest 0.01% of the working population (14,000 oligarch households making an average of .5 million a year with at least .5 million annual income to be part of the group), grew 22% from 2000 to 2006. Average real incomes of the richest 0.1% of households (133,000 oligarch households making an average of million annually and needing to make from .4 million up to .5 million annually to be part of the group), grew 8.5%. To be included in the richest 1%, a household had to just pass the measly threshold of 6,000 dollars a year. There were 1,333,249 households that made up most of the top 1%, were above 99% of American workers, but paled compared to 0.1% of the population. Many were the professional elites and not necessarily financial wizards and money changers.
This means that 10% of 10% of 1% of the richest households (1 out of every 10,000 households), were able to almost triple their annual earnings compared to 1,500,000 households who are also in the richest 1%. This is with capital gains EXCLUDED from earnings estimates. It is very telling that the elite professional and managerial class numbering over a million (represented by nationalist democratic capitalist faction) was not able to politically outspend less than 150,000 oligarch households in the last few elections. The attractiveness of financial capitalism allowed many nationalist democratic petty millionaires to be co-opted.
We can see how capital gains begin to matter exponentially once you start getting into 5% of the population. Capital gains only added 95 billion dollars in wealth for 90% of the population (split between over 130 million households) but they added 678 billion dollars to richest 10%. Incomes of the non-professional elite oligarch class, of those 0.1%+ jumped 60%. Capital gains only increased income of bottom 90% by just 2.3%. Republican leadership effectively convinced a large portion of 50-100 grand a year white collar demographic that they're working in their interest and that capital gains will actually unburden them financially. It was remarkable that the same tactic always used on poorly educated religious blue collar demographic also worked on petty white collar. Even the petty millionaires, tied to expensive property bubble speculation, got politically seduced sufficiently to throw their financial support to the internationalist super rich.
In 2003, something historic happened. For the first time since 1928, the top 1% of the population surpassed bottom 99% when it comes to rate of wealth generation. Rate of wealth generation is a good indicator of the overall political power of a faction when it comes to dividing the limited resources of a nation.
Recently, government of Brazil has declared major success in reduction of poverty by citing that the top 10% went from owning 49.47% of annual national income in March 2002 to owning 46.31% in October 2008. Obviously we don't know to what degree the stock crash and capital gains reduction in fall of 2008 played into that. The fact of the matter is that Brazilian leadership, presiding over one of the most economically unequal societies on the planet, cited rise in share of bottom 10% and decline in share of top 90% as a measure of progress. In United States however, the richest 10% began to earn 49.3% of national annual income in 2006. The GINI index of inequality shows that US has been becoming more like Brazil for the last 30 years. US gap between the poorest and richest started off roughly in same category as other Western nations (even Norway) in the 1960s, and is now surpassing some South American nations in width.
CONCLUSION:
Political scientists consider extreme levels of socioeconomic inequality to be socially destabilizing in terms of factional infighting, violence, and authoritarian control of government organs by the elites for self enrichment. United States seems to have escaped social instability due to its great power status and most of its population living in an ideological bubble (and most people never traveling outside of the country). Only in relatively recent times, did the top 30% of the population begin to get exposed to other hybrid systems through increased international travel.
The peak of American civilization seems to have occurred in 1968-1973 period. Data points to 1973 as being the furthest extent of American industrial capitalism and real physical influence for most of its population. This strength even existed after being partially drained through resources devoted to colonial occupation.
The richest 1% expanded their share of wealth far less than the bottom 99%. The rise in prices briefly corresponded to real incomes. American workers were able to save and better their condition without constantly being a few steps behind either inflation or oligarchal factions. The country had historically high degree of economic equality, the burden of natural resource imports was only in its infant stages, and American workers were at the peak of their political and purchasing power. This allowed them sufficient leverage to effectively compete with oligarch factions for influence over the federal government. Federal government was prompted to engage in a number of nationalist measures that benefited all instead of some.
The health of the American society caused a multitude of reversals for socialist causes in the imperial periphery of Western Europe. Reactionary forces in Europe were able to stabilize their societies since American workers demonstrated that American way of life is more effective than the socialist one. Many European states elaborated on JFK/Lyndon Johnson's great society promises to solidify state capitalism.
In United States itself, the oligarchs took a number of years to reorganize and stage a comeback. The last nationalist president, who really tried to preserve American way of life and appeal to all Americans instead of some, was Jimmy Carter. He tried to improve efficiency of American capitalism through deregulation, improvement of workers' rights, new energy policy, and actually leading imperial periphery through ideological example. He had the misfortune of being in control of the nation right after its civilizational peak. Oligarchs effectively destroyed Carter's reputation and created a reactionary wave that relied on formerly apolitical religious rural population. Wedge issues, militarism, racial tensions, and rural resentment against the cities were exploited to put an appealing puppet (a former actor) in power. It took a few years to dismantle previous nationalist policies of Johnson and Carter. Once dismantled, the oligarchs began rapid expansion of their income in late 1980s that just accelerated to the present day. In the first half of the 20th century, many oligarchs were rooted to the American soil since travel on propeller aircraft was dangerous and ships/trains took a long time. That led to many early oligarchs to have nationalist tendencies, improve value of nearby land, and to focus on real industry. With increased globalization, the oligarchs of 1980s now looked at the whole world as their playground and their cosmopolitan sentiments had little allegiance to United States. Physical decline of US and the debt were irreversible and mass looting began in the form of moving factories and personal material wealth abroad to other growing societies.
The fall of Soviet Union accelerated the process and allowed the looting to go on longer. American dollar could now be pushed onto hundreds of millions of new people and the national debt could be expanded. The Bush administration was the most blatant show of force by the top 1% and this period saw the peak of illusionary oligarchal finance capitalism. In 2008, millions of elite professionals and petty millionaires were finally able to outspend and wrestle away control from oligarchs. They were not making as much money from property speculation and energy prices made their businesses less profitable and lifestyles more expensive. Even then, the poorest of top 5% were only able to take power due to successful mobilization of college educated and blacks in sufficient numbers, financial capitalism declining for a few years, and occupational reversals in the Middle East. The resilience of the oligarchal faction is demonstrated by the fact their candidate only lost by less than 10% during the biggest economic crash since 1929.
Regardless of change in leadership, the petty millionaires now in charge, will only advance their own interests. Interests of the bottom 90% will only be satisfied if they are congruent with the nationalist industrial interests of democratic power elites. Socioeconomic inequality created over the last 30 years has become self perpetuating and can only be reduced through decades of top down effort combined with growing industrial economy producing tangible exports. Efforts in that direction are unlikely until United States hits economic rock bottom with corresponding social destabilization. Today the top 1% live in a country within a country.
The fragmented elite America (that John Edwards liked to talk about until the character assassination) is more advanced and freer than any country in Western Europe and with access to better medicine/education, cheaper land/energy, and more political control over their governance. US is structurally a more advanced South American society. The average citizen thinks there is progress due to modern expensive cars, clothing, and housing mingling with the rest. The old Anglo ruling ethnic group has learned during the gilded age to not make the extent of their material wealth obvious. In that, they followed their South American counterparts.
The newer assimilated ethnic groups of Irish/Italians/Slavs/Jews are more blunt with demonstrations of their material possessions. The consumeristic efforts of newer whites to fit in and catch up have infected all Americans. The poorest least educated people are encouraged to spend a month's paycheck on a new gadget or brand name clothing. This is no different than a Soviet worker spending 2 months worth of salary to buy blue Western jeans from a black market in the 1980s. The only difference between Soviet Union's black market and gigantic electronics stores in today's America, is that the latter is legal. However, the electronics and clothing stores are similarly dominated by goods made in foreign factories and operated by oligarchs exploiting cracks in ability of American industrial capitalism to provide for people's needs. This system is even less sustainable than the Russian one since it combines the Soviet infrastructural stagnation of 1980s with Yeltsin's gangster capitalism and economic inequalities of 1990s. Only rapid industrial/technological breakthroughs can make national decline safe and gradual.
The Dallas Cowboys are obviously one of the most popular franchises in the National Football League for a reason. The team established a tradition of winning under legendary head coach Tom Landry and that tradition survived the transition to Jimmy Johnson during the early 1990s. Through the years not only have the Cowboys teams been popular and fan favorites, the Cowboys quarterbacks have also received more than their fair share of attention as well. Let's take a look at the Dallas Cowboys quarterbacks through the years.
The 1960s
The franchise was born in 1960 as an NFL expansion team and at the starting quarterback position was veteran quarterback Eddie LeBaron. After a few years, backup quarterback "Dandy" Don Meredith emerged to become the regular starter. He was popular with the fans and would stay at the helm of the team until a strong armed youngster was able to get his chance at the end of the decade.
The 1970s
All through the 1970s, Roger Staubach was the face of the Dallas Cowboys and was a key reason the team became successful on the field. Staubach had a reputation as a good person of high quality to go along with his tremendous athletic ability. It was a sad day following the 1979 season when "Roger The Dodger" announced his retirement and the team turned its quarterbacking duties over to of all people... a punter.
The 1980s
Danny White had been the backup quarterback to Staubach for a number of years and during that time also served as the team's punter. This made the Cowboys a dangerous team when he emerged as the starter in 1981 because when it was fourth down, no one was ever sure if they were going to go for it or actually punt the ball. In the mid 1980s a quarterback controversy developed in Dallas when young Gary Hogeboom joined the team. This controversy didn't last long as Hogeboom eventually moved on to the Colts and the Cowboys drafted a new young quarterback who would get a shot at starting, Steve Pelleur. The end of the decade saw what some believe to be the unceremonious dumping of the legendary Tom Landry and the hiring of the brash Jimmy Johnson. Many other changes came to the team and a new starting quarterback was just one of them as rookie Troy Aikman would helm the squad to a 1-15 record in 1989.
The 1990s
Aikman would eventually lead a team featuring other star players including running back Emmitt Smith and wide receiver Michael Irvin to win three Super Bowl victories in four years. Many football experts have called this mid 1990s Dallas Cowboys teams one of the best teams in history. Aikman would remain at the helm through the rest of the decade and though they didn't return to the big game, they were always considered a team that others had to worry about.
The 2000s
Following one season in the new decade, Troy Aikman would call it a career too and fade into the memories of the past. For the first time in team history, there wasn't a clean transition when it came to the Cowboys starting quarterback after Troy Aikman's retirement. The Cowboys tried Quincy Carter, Anthony Wright, Ryan Leaf, Clint Stoerner, Chad Hutchinson, Vinny Testaverde, Drew Henson, and Drew Bledsoe at starting quarterbacks from 2001 through 2006 before finding Tony Romo who would be their next quarterback to start consistently.
Because the Dallas Cowboys are one of the most popular teams in the history of the NFL, the starting quarterback for the team has also consistently been one of the more popular players. Playing quarterback for the Cowboys is similar to playing shortstop for the New York Yankees or center for the Los Angeles Lakers, most people know exactly who the person playing that position is even if they aren't a big sports fan themselves. Watching the evolution of the quarterbacks of the Dallas Cowboys will continue to fascinating as the years go by, without a doubt there will be more great ones to come.
The Dallas Cowboys are obviously one of the most popular franchises in the National Football League for a reason. The team established a tradition of winning under legendary head coach Tom Landry and that tradition survived the transition to Jimmy Johnson during the early 1990s. Through the years not only have the Cowboys teams been popular and fan favorites, the Cowboys quarterbacks have also received more than their fair share of attention as well. Let's take a look at the Dallas Cowboys quarterbacks through the years.
The 1960s
The franchise was born in 1960 as an NFL expansion team and at the starting quarterback position was veteran quarterback Eddie LeBaron. After a few years, backup quarterback "Dandy" Don Meredith emerged to become the regular starter. He was popular with the fans and would stay at the helm of the team until a strong armed youngster was able to get his chance at the end of the decade.
The 1970s
All through the 1970s, Roger Staubach was the face of the Dallas Cowboys and was a key reason the team became successful on the field. Staubach had a reputation as a good person of high quality to go along with his tremendous athletic ability. It was a sad day following the 1979 season when "Roger The Dodger" announced his retirement and the team turned its quarterbacking duties over to of all people... a punter.
The 1980s
Danny White had been the backup quarterback to Staubach for a number of years and during that time also served as the team's punter. This made the Cowboys a dangerous team when he emerged as the starter in 1981 because when it was fourth down, no one was ever sure if they were going to go for it or actually punt the ball. In the mid 1980s a quarterback controversy developed in Dallas when young Gary Hogeboom joined the team. This controversy didn't last long as Hogeboom eventually moved on to the Colts and the Cowboys drafted a new young quarterback who would get a shot at starting, Steve Pelleur. The end of the decade saw what some believe to be the unceremonious dumping of the legendary Tom Landry and the hiring of the brash Jimmy Johnson. Many other changes came to the team and a new starting quarterback was just one of them as rookie Troy Aikman would helm the squad to a 1-15 record in 1989.
The 1990s
Aikman would eventually lead a team featuring other star players including running back Emmitt Smith and wide receiver Michael Irvin to win three Super Bowl victories in four years. Many football experts have called this mid 1990s Dallas Cowboys teams one of the best teams in history. Aikman would remain at the helm through the rest of the decade and though they didn't return to the big game, they were always considered a team that others had to worry about.
The 2000s
Following one season in the new decade, Troy Aikman would call it a career too and fade into the memories of the past. For the first time in team history, there wasn't a clean transition when it came to the Cowboys starting quarterback after Troy Aikman's retirement. The Cowboys tried Quincy Carter, Anthony Wright, Ryan Leaf, Clint Stoerner, Chad Hutchinson, Vinny Testaverde, Drew Henson, and Drew Bledsoe at starting quarterbacks from 2001 through 2006 before finding Tony Romo who would be their next quarterback to start consistently.
Because the Dallas Cowboys are one of the most popular teams in the history of the NFL, the starting quarterback for the team has also consistently been one of the more popular players. Playing quarterback for the Cowboys is similar to playing shortstop for the New York Yankees or center for the Los Angeles Lakers, most people know exactly who the person playing that position is even if they aren't a big sports fan themselves. Watching the evolution of the quarterbacks of the Dallas Cowboys will continue to fascinating as the years go by, without a doubt there will be more great ones to come.